History of Constitution of India: Charter Acts and Company Rule in India 1773-1858

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The book is free to download until 8 June 2018.

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The book is written by Sumir Sharma to fulfil the requirements of the students of the Post Graduate course in History of Punjab University. It meets the need of the Paper HIS 213: Constitutional Development in Modern India 1773 – 1947 Unit I and Paper HIS 211: Modern India Political Process, Unit III.

The content of the book is also relevant to the students of Indian Polity and Indian Constitution pursuing the course of Post Graduate in Political Science. It is also suitable for the students of Law course.

The content of the book is equally relevant to General Studies Main paper II. The content provides material for the first section which reads, “Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution …”

The book is also relevant for undergraduate classes honours course.

It has eight chapters and two Appendix. They are as follows.

Chapter 1: The Brief History of the East India Company.

Chapter 2: The Regulating Act, 1773

Chapter 3: Pitt’s India Act, 1784

Chapter 4: Charter Act, 1793

Chapter 5: Charter Act, 1813

Chapter 6: Charter Act, 1833

Chapter 7: Charter Act, 1853

Chapter 8: Act of Better Government of India 1858

There are two Appendix. In Appendix I, there is an essay on the sources which are used for writing the contents of this book. In Appendix II, the suggestions are provided to make the book more interactive.

The book is developed as a textbook. It is written in a narrative style. On every topic, the content is written in point format. For the point format, it is meant that every paragraph explains its main heading. The paragraph is given a title or a number. It helps in writing the answers in the examination. The purpose is that the readers and the students can quickly develop an answer to any question on the topics explained in the book.

The book explains the Charter Acts as the historical background of the History of the Constitution of India. It is evident that my next volume will be on the legislation during the Crown rule in India. I will soon publish the relevant next volume. I am presently working on that volume.

To make this book interactive, I am going to reproduce some of part of this book on my blog at undergraduatehistory.blogspot.in. I will attend to their queries related to the content of the book. I am ready to provide pdf copies of individual chapters to any reader free of cost who may require it for printing purpose. The relevant instructions are given in Appendix II.

I will also write the Hindi version of this volume and release it in June 2018. The free download of that book will also be made available for five days. Keep in touch. To remain updated, subscribe to this blog. Check for subscription in the sidebar.

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Rubik Puzzle of Thought

          The Thought, the Space and the Time are abstract but true. The Real is a mirage. The Real is confined by Time, Space and Thought.

       The Real and the True are not same.

        Now there is an issue. What is the benefit of learning the ultimate truth? If you know it and possess it, then you become ultimate. Do you want it to rule over others? God is ultimate. He rules. Now you want to enact him. Is that the true definition and nature of God?

       The Real is as true as the ultimate truth is.

      Now the paradigm changes.

     There is Space, Time and Thought. Now in changed paradigm the Real pervades. The Real is offshoot of the trinity. But it gets the precedence.

    You need power, money and dominance. But they are not permanent. The change sets in.

The change is the true nature of the Trinity. They are abstract but they change. The change here is not the factor of time and space. Yes.

Does the above observation resolve any of my problem? No.

Any further elaboration on above observations may be a play in verbosity. The cauldron of words arranged grammatically may impart some enjoyment and nothing more. It will be merely an entertainment.

There is a need for substantial act and gain. In ultimate analysis it demands power to effect profitable and fruitful changes. Time, Space, Thought and the Reality are mere smudges of ink on pages. It does not resolve anything in the Real.

For some days, after writing above lines, the relation between four identities that are Thought, Time, Space and Reality continue to reverberate my mind. I did not want to write it but it is giving me sense of such mechanisms that the possibility of 'fruitful and profitable' is seen achievable. On the third or fourth reading, I found that I had enunciated a principle of change pervading all the four.

However, the idea started with the trinity. I remember that while writing the original thought I had first given importance to Thought. In the written piece, I betrayed the perception that all that had been written, is useless. Even the thought was not accepted as ultimate.

Now the actual thought which had made me to write this has made me to continue to write it.

The Time and the Space are mere creation of the Thought. There are many scholars and philosophers and industrial and commercially viable and established faculties, which have worked and thought upon time. Mathematics may define both of them in established terms and may declare an end to the debate. Similarly Physicists may also have their version and command the right over the debate. However, I am exercising the idea of freedom. I do not want research it. I want to reason it out. I want to use the a posteriori approach. I accept that I may get better picture and clarity if I review the existing literature. However, as a process, it is commendable, desirable and practical. But, I find it a fashion,a fad, a hindrance. I want to reveal, whatsoever, I perceive. I can not declare that it is original. I am of the inference that all the knowledge is a discovery. It can not be produced and invented. You merely discover it. All innovations are discoveries.

Straight to the Point:

Time has a dimension. Your are on a tread mill. You want to clock 15 minutes. Your body is refusing to persist and continue. You find that machine clock is running slow. You touch 13 minutes. Now 120 seconds are left. The count continues slowly. You have to run merely for next two minutes. However those 2 minutes, those 120 seconds and sometimes the last five seconds are such, you feel as if they would never end. You get the perception of two minutes. You know that how long it is. However, in day to day life, you waste such a chunk of time doing nothing. You wait for numerous things in as many set of minutes. Suddenly you realise that you are living time. But what actually is this time? The Physicists talk about nano seconds. They talk about the one thousand part of a second. The common stop watch clocks 1/100 part of a second. The physicist can tell that how much that time matters. They can demonstrate that time quantity is highly crucial. But what is it? You merely compare a thing with something and suddenly learn that there is a dimension in that comparison and that it time.

On the other hand astronomers measure time in light years. I do not understand the complete implication for my thought process. For me, a light year is basically used for measuring the distance. No doubt, it is a measure and quantity of time. Therefore, it gives an idea of quantity. Similarly a person generally lives for 80 years. He struggles to resolve confusion. He struggles to seek answers to the questions which defy answers. He passes away but the same set of question remain. The answers are sought and acquired but the question remains. The question is , what the time is? But this query comes in thought. A person passes away but the thought remains.

So, time can be light years and nano second. A person experiences it. However, what is it? The person never knows. It remains in thought. The Physicist, Astronomer and Mathematician may have their construct and the stop with that. They continue to show and demonstrate. But they know that they do not know. They do not know what the time is.

A person can not be at two places at the same time. In teleconference, this proposition is dismantled. But if the real nature of the time can be captured, a person can be at multiple places at the same time. For a quantity of nano seconds, he may be at a place A and for another set, he can be at a place B and for other at C and so on. In this way he can be at number of places in a given time. It is like fire. It can be here and it can be there. It is a phenomena but is the actual fire can be at the number of places at the same time? That is the question. Similarly, the time is a perception held and felt in thought.

(to be continued)

Admiring Triambak

Triambak has a peculiar way of showing his admiration for a new thing. He does not exult in loud manner. First, there is a quite expression. Then a smile appears. He does not speak any word in admiration. If he is asked then he nods and keeps watching the thing for a while. He usually comes with fascinating questions.


Here I was lucky to capture his expressions when I clicked him on my laptop after I had installed the in-built camera software.

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New Cartoon by Triambak

This is what Triambak has made after the episode of cartoon making by Triambak. This is what I have found made on the sheet where I had seen his earlier a cartoon made before me. He has not coloured it at all.

However, there is complete proportion in making the figure.

Car by Triambak

The boy is crazy about cars also. He does not like the shape of Santro, a model by Hundai. He also does not like the shape of Wagon R, a model by Suzuki. Indica by Tata Motors does not attract him.

He says that when he will have a big house, he will keep good cars. He wants a big house because he wants large number of cars. For him good cars are Corolla by Toyota and Mercedes Ben. He also likes Honda car. But here he has drawn an insipid picture of a car. However, he has coloured it well and there is sense of proportion also.

Episode of Cartoon Making by Triambak

I had left my computer running. When I returned to my table, I found Triambak sitting on the chair and playing with the mouse. He did not even looked at me when I entered the room. I glanced at the monitor. I found that he made two concentric squares with nicely tapered corners. It was definitely a new thing for me. I did not disturb him. I occupied another sitter where I usually read. There was some pending work which I was doing earlier. I continued with that work after occupying the sitter. Just after sometime, I raised my head and again looked at the monitor. The squares had gone. I asked Triambak about the squares he was drawing. He told that he was not satisfied with his graphics therefore, he erased it. I just said in a lamenting voice that if he had saved them, then I would have posted it on the net.

At that time, he was using ink option of the Paint Brush. He was just making a spray of different colours on the sheet. There were no lines or figures on the sheet. It was mere dotted splashes in different colours. I gave a considerate look at his activity. Within short time, Triambak pressed the eraser option of the Paint Brush and started removing the splashes of the colour. At that movement I ventured to suggest him another option. I showed him ‘clear image’ option on ‘View’ on the tool bar. He just hummed but again preferred to use eraser. I did not insist and directed my attention to my own work.

After some time, I again raised by eyes and looked at the monitor. He had drawn an oval. While I was watching, he drew two perfect circles on the upper side of the oval. I guessed in this manner he would make a frog or something like that. Then he placed a circle right within center of one of the circle. It became clear that he was going to make a figure of a man or a frog. It was what going on in my thoughts. I kept watching. He drew another circle within the second circle. It was not perfectly placed within the circle. They boy showed some expression of exasperation and activated the option of eraser. Now I jumped into his activity. I stopped him. I looked at me with some confused expression. I told him to save the sheet first. Suddenly a gleaming grin returned to his face. He turned his head to monitor, went into the file option in the tool bar and clicked the ‘Save’ option. When the sheet of ‘Save’ option opened, I asked him about the name which he was going to give to the sheet.


"Cartoon", he said.


Then he spoke, "Papa, Spellings".


I said, "Caaar and tooone. Toooone is t o o n."


The boy typed the right word and saved it. I asked that why he was going to erase it. He said that he was not satisfied with the second eye. Now I was satisfied that the sheet was saved.

The boy afterwards continued with the job. He again picked the eraser and rubbed off the second eye. Then he again placed a circle within the circle. The picture, which emerged, had started making a sense. I was satisfied and directed my attention to my activity. He suddenly asked me to look at the figure. He had made a cute nose and a fascinating mouth. Now I was fully attracted towards his creation. He started colouring it. He picked a colour for the face. Then he tried to colour his eyes. On the colour panel, there were lesser numbers of shades. I ventured to give him some tips. I showed him how he can find more colours. I used the edit colour option from the tool bar. He picked some colours. After that, he framed the colours of the eyes and placed some straight horizontal lines below the eyes. There was now a weeping cartoon. The picture had really turned up as a good artistic creation. He coloured half of the eyes below in blue colour and rest of it as red. It was really an attractive picture. He then tried to make arms. He was not satisfied with the form. He rubbed it off. He then made the legs. He wanted to rub them off. I stopped him from doing that. He retained the legs and then coloured it. The whole picture had developed into a very attractive work. He then shyly said that he could open the edit colour option by directly double clicking the colour panel. I felt humbled. The boy knew how to edit colours. But when I had tried to show him, he just listened and allowed me to demonstrate. There, he was telling me about the alternative of editing the colours. Well, he is a smart guy.

I asked him to save the work and requested him to let me work on the computer. I told him that I would soon upload it. He left. I saved the cartoon but did not convert it into a jpg file.

We had to visit Ludhiana. Therefore, after finishing my job on the computer, I left the room planning that I would post his cartoon after returning from Ludhiana. However, I did not get time to log on to Internet after returning from Ludhiana. In the morning today, I started writing this detail of making cartoon by Triambak. I started writing the above material. In between I thought to look at the cartoon once more. I opened the file. There was no cartoon.

The boy had sat at computer in my absence. He had made another cartoon. He had demolished the previous cartoon. It was a great loss, as I understand. He has drawn another cartoon but that is not all that attractive. Alas, I could not show what he had actually made.

It is difficult to understand the mind of a child. You may think that he likes a thing in particular way. But you are wrong. The young ones have their own mind and liking. You may not understand it. However, now I have decided that I will save jpg files of his work. Earlier I had been deleting his work. Now he himself has deleted it. It was really a good work but it is now lost.

Second Hut By Triambak

The boy is really crazy about having his own BIG house. However, he makes the traditional pictures. With Blocks, he sometimes really makes fascinating models. I am not going to suggest him to copy his Block Models on Paint Brush. I am waiting that he may get the idea on his own. On the other hand, he does not like his first hut. He has asked me to delet (Dismantle it) it.

Inlaid Squares By Triambak

Well the boy feels really encouraged. He keeps an eye on me. He is always in watch out for when I am out my room. Movement, I come out, he asks innocently, "Papa May I sit at computer".

He is also coming out with his secrets. He says that he had seen his friend Kartick making the chequered squares.

Similarly, in case of the Design, it was taught to him by his Madam, Ms. Navroop Kaur. He emphasized that the bubble forms, which was made on my suggestion was his own idea. He called them flowers. I suggested that to me they looked like clouds. He consented to my view.

In case of the star, he revealed his source of inspiration. He apprised me that he had virtually copied the star from one of his book.

Squares by Triambak

The boy has strong likes and dislikes.

Earlier he made a design full of circles. He was making it nicely. I left him on his own. He came to me to help him save his document. But when I reached the monitor, I found the above drawn chequered design. I enquired about the earlier designs. He showed his dissatisfaction with his earlier design and apprised me that he had deleted the earlier one. Then he asked me the spellings of 'squares' so that he could save the design. It is now displayed above.

Star by Triambak

Today Triambak sought permission to use the computer. I was reading newspaper so I permitted him.

I checked the My Document and found this new file in the folder. The boy himself has saved the file and named it. So, he was right that he knew how to save. This time he has given a file name also.

Hut of Triambak

The Hut is drawn by Triambak. I had foolishly deleted a hut picture drawn by him earlier. Today, he has drawn another one.

A Design by Triambak and Gratitude to Teachers

I was happy after posting the paint brush files of my son on my blog at Paint Brush of Triambak. I called him and showed him the display. He was also excited and elated. The guy is really a master in hiding his happiness. I know it when he is happy because I am his father and know him since his childhood. There was that typical quite posture and little smile on his face which conveyed to me that the boy was happy. It is other thing that after watching television and movies, he has borrowed some gestures of exultation. However, when he is expressing his normal feelings, he never shows his jubilation. He just becomes mum. You can only judge his happiness from his brightened eyes.

He tried to read the comments which I had placed against each display. He was more attracted towards the second display which I have titled as "The Greeting Card by Triambak". I helped to remind him that when it was made. He soon recollected and told me that it was when he was in nursery class that he had drawn that. I made some alteration to the comment which I had written there. He also enquired about a file in which he had drawn a house. I apologized to him that I had deleted that. He did not show any reaction. I suggested him that he should always save whatsoever he would do on computer and I proposed that I would display it on the blog.









On the whole, he was happy. I was sitting on my chair placed before me computer table. The keyboard was just before me and had covered it as I was just sitting before the computer. He was sitting on my left side away from the computer. The mouse was just before him. I had placed my right hand on the mouse. Suddenly he spoke, "Pappa, May I draw one more picture like these ones!" I allowed him. He asked me to remove my hand from the mouse. He virtually grabbed it from me. Now there he was. He got hold of the mouse. Clicked start. Entered Programmes. Moved to Accessories and reached the paint. He opened a new file. The rest was a spectacle to watch. I watched him using the control panel. I accept that there were some operations which I did not know about in the Paint Brush. I just watched how he moved the cursor. Enlarged it. Then reduced it. Soon, I believe, within three two four minutes, he drew the presented figure. Then he asked me to save it. I clicked the save option and simultaneously inquired if he knew how to save. He nodded in affirmation. I then asked about naming the file. He immediately came up with the name. He asked me to save it as a ‘Design’. I did as he directed. I was actually amazed at the speed at which he had made this drawing. While looking at the Design I just remarked that the corners of the Design are empty. He immediately grabbed the mouse and performed some more actions on the sheet. I found it really amazing. I just kept admiring what he was doing. I again pushed ctl+s and saved the document. I was really proud of him.

A Gratitude:

Here I want to pay my gratitude to the teachers of my son Triambak.

I first remember Mrs. Ahluwalia. She was her teacher at Pre-Nursery School. She is the owner of Little Flower Play Way School, Passian Chownk, Phillaur. The same Passian Chownk where Shradaram Phillauri, the author Om Jai Jagdeesh Hare, the Punjabi Vartak and probably the first Novelist of Hindi and the first revolutionary of Punjab. It is Mrs. Ahluwalia who introduced him to colours, shapes and alphabets.

I then remember Vanita and Viney. It was Vanita at Victoria International Public School, Phagwara, who taught her in Nursery class. He can now easily read and write. He can understand English and makes good attempts to speak in English also. It is all because of her, that he is quite good in Hindi and English. Viney, her husband, encouraged him to use computer. The comfortable level which he had shown with mouse and the control panel was imparted to him by Vaneet. It is other story that the owner of the school, whose only qualification is that he is a rich man but hardly tenth pass, does not have the vision to retain teachers like Viney and Vanita. No doubt, I have learnt that he remembers them. This is not a story of VIPS only. It is a general trend now and bane of education in India.

I just asked Triambak that how he should pay his gratitude to Vaneet who has taught him the computer so well, he said that it was not Vaneet who had taught him those drawings. He said that it was his present teacher Ms. Navroop, who had showed him how to use the pain brush. Well this is what he thinks. I know that Vaneet has also played a role in it. I just then quizzed him about Vaneet. He told that Vaneet just allowed using the computer in his room. Well, it is what the child feels for his teacher. I pay my gratitude to Ms. Navroop Kaur also.


If someone reads this post, then I will just ask the reader to remember the teachers of Nursery and Primary School Teachers. They are the people who lay the foundation of the future of the child. But Alas, the society does not pay respect to this section of society, this section of experts. They are ready to respect the Doctors, Engineers, Professors and Bureaucrats. But, I strongly believe that these primary teachers are the real builders. Just a few days back, an article on blogging by school teachers had appeared in USA Today in which Elementary History Teacher has been featured. The teacher while reflecting on the article has given her impression separately on her blog. She writes , "I was quoted in the article saying, "As a teacher, I feel like people don’t listen to me. Parents don’t listen to me, politicians don’t listen to me, the media doesn’t listen to me---but everyone tries to tell me how to do my job.""

She further writes, "I could have probably added some other groups in the mix such as some researchers, authors, pundits and the biggie for me…my professional educational organization (union)."

She continues in one of the paragraph as, "We are the ones that sit across from the student, one-on-one, witnessing the child’s behavior, witnessing the child’s thought processes, redirecting the child, celebrating accomplishments with the child, and picking up the pieces by changing course to give it a go again when there is failure. Don’t get me wrong I’m not saying politicians, parents, the media, etc. don’t have a right to be part of the conversation. They do, but so often we only hear they are right, and we are wrong. I’m the one sitting there with the child." She was rather annoyed with some of the remarks she received. But the thing is that the society has to learn, that it is teacher at this stage of life of a human being which matters. But the society do not respect and recognize their work. This is how we treat them.

Now, kindly do not shrug off by saying that is about America. What about India? The politicians say that teachers are available for 500 rupees a month. This is how we rate them. It is they who make us. But we never recognize them. When a son or daughter is successful in their life and establish themselves in their profession, the parents proudly say that it is their nurturing which has played the vital role. Even the people, who make it good in life, do not remember their nursery or primary teachers. They may have expired when one starts reaping the fruits in life. The successful toddlers who are then globe trotters, never once ever think about them.

Anyhow, I also pay my tribute to my nursery teacher Mrs. Khurana of Bal Vikas, Late Mrs. Hardev Kaur of Government Senior Secondary School sector 16, Chandigarh, Madam Shaminder, Madam Brar, Sir Purohit and my Physics teacher (This is how you some times remember the teachers, only the subject of the teacher) who taught me at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Patiala.

When I get home

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I'm going to tell Shiva
 all my troubles
When I get home
 till then
 I'm on my own
 Alone

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Mediterranean Stupor

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Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were their epic men. Crete, Mycenaean and Minoans were their seeds. Egypt and Babylon were recognized but underrated. Russel declared with pride accompanied with surprise the sudden rise of civilization in Greece. Sir Arthur Evan, the archaeologist, is the force, authority, testimony and validity behind that claim. The inheritance, like the origin of Virgin Mary, writing and mathematics are recognized but imperiousness of a claimant who does not suggest but emphatically tell that it is he who is right. Even Collingwood depicts similar attitude. I quote, “By what steps and stages did modern European idea of history come into existence? Since I (Collingwood here) do not think that any of these stages occurred outside Mediterranean region ... I am precluded from saying anything about about historical thought in China or in any other part of the world except the region I have mentioned.” Russel is surprised. Collingwood is precluded. The forces outside them decide that they adopt the premises that the counting begins and the action germinates from Mediterranean region. The English intellectuals of later nineteenth century are mainly the soldiers who fought positivism which had emerged by eighteenth century. Nature became a subject of invasion when they raised the army of positivism fighting the positivism. After all, how could they see the defeat of Christian theology? However, Nature yielded them the thoughts but there were thoughts before that also. The conflict was resolved by criticizing positivism outwardly but at inner side, they remained the soldiers of positivism. That positivism made them fight two wars. The two wars defeated positivism. They again went back to eighteenth century. The next stage has yet to come. Will they now seek surprises outside the Mediterranean Region.

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Nothing Not Even Nothing

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There was nothing. Not even Nothing. 

In Vedic literature, there is a proposition which goes somewhat like this. 

O Brahman, give me one such question, answer to which answers all the questions.

The above prayer is starting and end of all dilemmas. But no, it is not so. It is not the beginning and end. The beginning was the first assumption. The statement is that O Brahman give me one such assumption that gives that question, answer to which answers all the questions. However, all such propositions will not satisfy in ultimate. It would not give the ultimate satisfaction. There is a reason for that. All such propositions are seated in Brain. Brian has emerged when the first assumption came into being. The Brain has emerged and evolved and with it the first assumption came into being. Probably a creator created it. It was a proposition preceding the creator even. Was it a Void? No. Even before the void, there was a preceding proposition. It was not an anti-void. it was just a 'not'. 

However, all such propositions are seated in Brain. Brain perceives it but it was already there hidden and written in the Brain. Those propositions which brain perceived were already there and the bunch or set of those propositions were thoughts in their true nature. The set of thoughts is mind. Mind was there in the Brain. But Brain perceives only to a limit. Nature has not yet grown a brain wherein the whole Mind get the life. Mind is there, making Brain to seek the first assumption and then the ultimate question and finally the complete and final answer. But is has not grown enough to perceive all that Mind makes it to seek for which it is not fully equipped. On the other other hand, the first assumption became the solution for every next issue. A God was created. Mathematics was created. Society was created. Money was created and even knowledge was created. Brain is there because nature is there. Nature remains and creates. Whatsoever it creates, it grows and then degenerates. Somewhere the nature is also dying. The thing which remains is the 'Nothing'.

Theory of Language

Theory of Language

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Special Note: The essay is open to alteration, modification, addition and editing.
It had been written before I read a book on post modernism. After reading the book, I brought out this writeup which remained stacked in my notes.

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The actual truth is beyond the reach of language. Language is mere a codification of sounds. There are numerous languages. Numerous statements in numoerous languages about a single truth can exist. Numerous people knowing numerous languages may say the same thing in their respective speech but they may not understand each other even if they may be talking about the same thing of the same dimension. This the actual truth about the language. It conveys that the truth exists and can exist without a language. The truth can be preceived and the language may fail to convey it.

However in a day to day life we live in the world of langauge and sound. It is so much prevalent that we just forget the actual activity and just respond to the langauge. Sometimes it happends that language is misuded to cheat and intentionally misuded to convey something else. With that a new world keep on emerging.

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Language is a subtle and sophisticate process of codificiation. It is inate to the brain. Even if all the languages are just snapped and liquidated in a snap of a second, the brain will again discover and invent it. It may be a hypothesis but here it is emphasizing a truth that it is a natural ability of the brain to invent the codifiction. Uttering sounds, making gestures and looking at the things to sooath the mind or convey something are all the internal procedures of making cofification.

It seems that those who reached a level of spiritual achievement, they have discovered a new language, a new set of symbols and a new grammar. The pure truth conveys or transmit a new set of rules of languages. These people have not shared it with the rest of the humanity that particular language. They have tried to convey those truths in some langauges,

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like in Sanskrit, Latin, Greece, Hebrew etc. but then they also placed restrictions on its spread. As a result the langauges referred above have suddenly become out of use.

Another feature of Language: The motive of langauge is to communicate, to transmit and exchange. But what is the thing which it communciates, transmits and exchanges? It is the factum which is at the core of the activity. However the sounds produced and the symbols made are not the actual factum. They correspond to the 'factum'. They are never in a position to touch the factum. You have an abstruse thought. You are troubled because you are not able to pinpoint it. You use a number of sentences to say that thing. Suddenly you locate an assertion which is near to that factum. You feel relieved and soothed. But that assertion is not the prefect expression of the factum. But you stop there and then. It becomes the

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cause of confusion.

The world of marketing and shrewd politicians and businessmen know about the above mechanism. They dod not talk much. They actually play the mind game. The mind game is nothing but an attempt to play on the gap between language and what actually it is conveying in place of what actaully is the factum.

If you want to live a fruitful life, the real life and the actual life, then you must be attentive to real nature of the langauge and the mechanisms which exists behind it.

The another scenario which can be explained as well as the scenario that can act as an evidence for it is the field of music. The notes, the strokes, the tabs are set of sound symbols which are treated in a different way by the experts and musicians. An illiterate to the field of music, which I mean to say, a person who does not know th egrammar of music, who does not know how to play a meaningful note on a muscial

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instrument, even he can enjoy the music. There people, who do not know anyting about the grammer of music, but they sometimes are the expert listerns who can tell like an expert that which music is right and perfect and which one is out of ruthm. Most of the people enjoy music. Why is it so? Music sooathes, Music touches you. But what is in you that is sooathened? What is in you that is touched in you? It is the 'factum' which is the answer. The factum is something which is real and exist even without the existance of humanity. The language is there for that factum. But in actual use we become oblivious of the real activity which is going on and become prisoners of the langauge. It is again because of the language. The langauge is not the true replica of the factum. It is corresponding to a factum. It can be ultered

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in numerous sets of sounds for a single factum. But simlutaneously it is creating its own owrld. The humanity posess it. It uses it but become oblivious of the true activity. It starts giving importance to the utterances but not to the actual core which is behind it.

Physic Remedies:

The above theory if understood and imbibed well, can be effectively used to correct numerous physic maladies. It is highly useful for correcting or at least controlling phases of anger, angst, and despondencies.

Silence Please:

This phrase 'Silence Please' is highly effective remedy. You may call it a mantra. However, in order to get benefit out of it, one must understand the talk, thought and theory behind it. Ou can start re-reading the essay from the beginning.however, some fo the points which must be gleaned and carried along in order to exploit the efficacy of 'Silence Please' are collected the following paragraph.

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You must give recognization to 'Language'. Now, here, it can be called 'your speech'. Secondly you have to get into the core of the theory that our speech or language is merely a codification of some thought or factum. The sounds which you produce or speak in order to convey some meanging or message or a communication is merely a codification build by your brain but behind it lies some other fact which you call 'factum' or 'thought'. ( Kindly note, the ideas here are different from the 'Ghost in the Machine'. Here it has been borrowed from the theories dominating the computer languages which in turn are being derived from the working of the brain.)

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Nature of Thought and Language:

The heading can be reframed. It should be called the nature of relation betwen language and thought.

'Language' or 'an assertion' or 'a statement' is corresponding to a thought or factum. It is never an exact replication of the factum. The same thought can be conveyed by different means. The fatum may visit and cause an effect without allowing itself to be identified. It practical terms, the use of language or other means of transmission in form of a set of symbols, are practical and efficacious in use. You can not completely depend on it. You can only have faith in its efficacy. The factum/thought is paramount.

The above theory can give new interpertation to psychonalaysis and sub concious theories. Freud was using language to reach the inner psychic world. The thought had made its presence felt to him and he was expressing it in words. The rest of his efforts of giving clinical reports and

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and making experiments were mere rituals to make his work earn the certification of being scientific.

Mathmaticians and the act of doing mathematics is th real activity. Therein, the thought acquires a new form and it is the mathematic notations which are meant here. The mathematic notations are the set of symbols which only a mathematician understands. It is his language. Similar thing is more clear and apparent in writing a computer programmes especially for compilers.

Best Season for reading

Dan Abbe of Book Search Support Team of Books Google dot com believes that it is the warm climate of summer which is more appropriate time to read. He knows that in cosy environment inside the house during the winter can also be a good idea for reading. However, he finally believes that it is the summer which is the best time to read.
I quote,
“I do think summer is the best time to read a book. Some might say it would be winter, because you’re inside so much, but I’m not so sure about that. Something about heat makes it even more pleasant to read: coldness demands motion, or at least bundling up, but the paltry effort required to turn a page is suited to a warm day.”
Dan come to India in June/July months to Northern regions. You will learn about the right climate for reading. By sitting in Mountain View or region around that, you may enjoy the leisure ideas from Japan. But it was in India that Buddha got enlightenment and it was not in the summer season.

How to select a correct religion

First of all I seek pardon if I am offending any of the reader by my diction and formation of the title. I am not much concerned about religion as such. I am not an atheist even. I do not consider myself noble and superior enough to comment on religion or religiosity. I am rather a most ignorant creature in the world who happens to live among the books or digitized facsimiles and pdfs. I am like a silver fish hiding in the bindings of the books and when anyone rearranges or opens the books, it runs for a cover in fear of death. I may be called an atheist but at present stage of my life, I wish to respect every religion. I may be critical of each religion but if someone calls me to pass a verdict if I am so sound in criticising every religion, then as a criminal who has realised his crime, I would seek an earnest pardon.

However, here I am quoting Lala Hardyal, who had in a way suggested a method to a select a religion in his book “Hints for self Culture”, chapter 1, page 10.

“Astronomy elevates and inspires your soul, and gives you the purest poetry of Science. Thus it develops your imagination and ennobles your emotional life. But it does much more. Now, it is of the first importance for a civilized man or woman to have some sound and scientific ideas about Cosmogony. False Cosmogony has been the basis of false religion and false re1igion is as dangerous for you as a pet snake. It is your duty to understand the scientific theories of the origin, evolution, and destiny of the Universe. All religions, from the crudest African fetishism to the most advanced modem cults, have taught some sort of Cosmogony. Their peculiar superstitions are always derived from their doctrines about the origin and destiny of the Universe. There lies the root of the evil. If you wish to choose a religion that will lead you to Truth and Life, and not to Error and Death, then you must first have the right notions about Cosmogony. If your Cosmogony is wrong, your religion will also be all wrong, and then yours will be a wasted life.


Astronomy will free your mind from your inherited superstitions in this respect.”

Servile Mindset Refuse to Die

Today I had a verbal tussle with one of a lecturer of Hindi language. He was talking about the IT paper in the Language study. Soon, he was praising the efforts of the Government of India in promoting the language on the net by providing the different resources. He was quite excited that the some times back Sonia Gandhi had issued some softwares on the languages.

jutted into the discussion and objected to the enthusiasm shown by him. I pointed out that there was not doubt that the government of India had tried to bring some devices on the net as well softwares which could help the people of language to use the computer for their literature but most of the were not user friendly. In order to substantiate my claim I pointed out that through various centuries of the C-DAC the government of India had tried to make the Hindi literature available on net. But the manner that it was displayed on the net, they are not user friendly. They do not run on Window 98. It is a big shortcoming. Secondly they are mostly given in PDF. They are not shown in HTML. But the lecturer countered me by praising the government. He said that there was glimmer of hope.

I objected to his positive approach to the changes which were taking place. I pointed it out that he was not able to see that it was being done in a very unimaginative manner. It was done merely to show that well we were also in computers and IT or in short ICT. But if a common man want to use these resources, he will be forced to learn something of engineering or the IT technology. Whereas, the IT technology has in its power and range, the ability that any one, who may not have any understanding of this technology, can make use of the resources. The government has overlooked this aspect.

I pointed out the case of Munshi Prem Chand stories. The stories had been posted by Raman Kaul on his portal after borrowing it from C-DAC site. The difference between his work and C-DAC is that any novice can read the stories of Dhanpat Rai on the site of Raman Kaul with any of the operating system. Whereas, in case of C-DAC portal you need only specific DOS and specific fonts to read them.

However, the lecturer, did not accepted my version. He was happy with the fact that Hindi is on cyberspace. He was happy that there are some softwares which are freely available from the government offices and he has some friends in bureaucracy from whom he can procure those resources. He does not know that how far this technology has come and how fast it is improving and changing. He does not have the understanding that visiting Internet does not solve your problem. You can not get what you desire only by wishing it on internet. It requires some experience and understanding to exploit the potential of internet for particular purpose. But before that, it is required that the information and data which could be exchanged through Internet should be made available in a manner that it could be used and accessed by all the people without any hindrance of any kind. But no, there is peculiar tendency among the Indians to accept whatsoever is given. There is absence of ability to change or modify or demand a thing in a particular form. There is a peculiar colonial mindset which they are ready to shed. There is peculiar mindset of a slave which is not ready to go away. There is peculiar tendency to praise a thing out of promotion and decry or criticize a thing without understanding the actual dimensions. I may be called of criticizing and not appreciating what is being made available. But, those who can understand, they can support me that the manner it is being made available is rather making the mockery of very idea of using IT to share the information and promote the cause of a language.

Paint Brush of Triambak

Triambak Sharma is son of Sumir Sharma, the blogger. Triambak is now five years old. When Sumir is not sitting at his computer, Triambak will invariably come to his room and ask hesitantly, "Papa may I sit at the computer". If he is permitted, he will open the paint brush and make some drawings. Most of the time, he deletes his paintings before saving. However, I have saved some of his works. Earlier, I was foolish enough to delete some of his work which was incomplete. Now I save them. I am showing some of them below.

Triambak is a name of Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva is propitiated in Mahamritunijiya Mantra as Triamabakam. Triambak means three eyed (Tri means Three and Amba means eye. Amba is also the name of Mother Parvati.).

The first one is the sun.

The second paint brush: His idea of a Greeting Card assisted by his mother Anu. He posted his first letter, a greeting card, to his friend at Goraya in April 2006.





पापा मै कुछ बना रहा हँु" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/3633/875/320/untitled.1.jpg" border="8">
The third paint brush: When I asked, what had he made here, he said in a pensive tone, "पापा मै कुछ बना रहा हँु" I.




The fourth paint brush: Probably an incomplete assignment of school assisted by my sister Sucharu, a good artist herself. (Soon it will be uploaded. Uploading accomplished)